consumer surplus

  In economics, the satisfaction (utility) consumers receive for which they do not have to pay for. Or, in other words, amount of money by which consumers value a good or service over and above its purchase price.

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Producer Surplus

An economic measure of the difference between the amount that a producer of a good receives and the minimum amount that he or she would be willing to accept for the good. The difference, or surplus amount, is the benefit that the producer receives for selling the good in the market.



This is shown graphically above as the area (Producer Surplus) above the producer's supply curve that it receives at the price point (P(i)). The size of this area increases as the price for the good increases. 

Investopedia explains 'Producer Surplus'

For example, say a producer is willing to sell 500 widgets at $5 a piece and consumers are willing to purchase these widgets for $8 per widget. If the producer sells all of the widgets to consumers for $8, it will receive $4,000. To calculate the producer surplus, you subtract the amount the producer received by the amount it was willing to accept, (in this case $2,500), and you find a producer surplus of $1,500 ($4,000 - $2,500).
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How to calculate deadweight loss; easy 4 step method

Deadweight loss occurs when an economy’s welfare is not at the maximum possible.  Many times, professors will ask you to calculate the deadweight loss that occurs in an economy when certain conditions unfold.  These conditions include different market structures, externalities, and government regulations.  Review this past post for more information on deadweight loss.

The trick to remember when calculating deadweight loss, is that deadweight loss occurs whenever

marginal benefit is not equal to marginal cost.  In order to get the total deadweight loss for the economy you must consider every unit that is produced where marginal cost is greater than marginal benefit (a net loss to the economy if MC>MB).  Also, it is possible that more should be produced if marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost, this results in foregone welfare because we are not producing enough in the economy even though MB>MC.  (Review info on why marginal benefit should equal marginal cost)

Calculating deadweight loss can be done in a few easy steps:

1) Identify where what amount of a good or service is currently being produced (we will call this Q1).

2) Identify where the societal optimum should be and figure out the quantity produced in this equilibrium (should occur where society’s MC = society’s MB, we will call this Q2).

3) Because of the nature of the MC (supply) and MB (demand) curves, we should get a triangle shape, with the two curves (supply and demand) crossing at Q2.  This triangle shape will have a base (the difference between Q2 and Q1) as well as a height (the difference between MC and MB at Q1 (most common the difference in prices)).

4) The equation for the area of a triangle is ½(base*height).  We know what the base and the height are in this scenario so we can calculate the deadweight loss by figuring out the area of this triangle: ½(difference between Q1 and Q2 * the difference between MC and MB at the wide end).

Now let’s go through an example to demonstrate how these four steps can be used to actually calculate the deadweight loss.

 

Looking at the example above, we see that equilibrium in this market occurs at a price of 5, and a quantity of 5.  If we have a tax imposed on the economy, then we see equilibrium quantity go down to 4.  This means that our Q1 is 4, and our Q2 is 5.  So the base of our deadweight loss triangle will be 1.  The difference between supply and demand curve (with the tax imposed) at Q1 is 2.  So our equation for deadweight loss will be ½(1*2) or 1.  So here, when we calculate deadweight loss for this example, we get a deadweight loss equal to 1.

Summary:  Deadweight loss is generally triangular shaped and will be located between the two equilibrium quantities.  Remember that the equation for a triangle is 1/2(base*height).

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